The Color of Sky and Ocean

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  The Phenomena of the blue color of the sky and ocean are different.

P. K. Ghatak, MD

No. 43.


We are endowed with a pair of retinas which can receive three fundamental colors: - Red, Blue and Green. However, we can appreciate any color of the Newton spectrum of sunlight as well as any shades of the fundamental colors and also new colors generated by mixing of colors just like the salesperson at the paint shop matches the color of house paint the color strip you select.


A teacher explains that the red color of a rose is a reflection of red and the rest of the other colors of the spectrum are absorbed by the petals of the rose. When it comes to explaining the color of the sky and ocean, he brings in other phenomena.


Color of the Sky:

The sky is blue during the day except at sunrise and sunset.

Sunlight encounters nitrogen, oxygen and water molecules after entering the Earth’s atmosphere. The colors having long wavelengths, larger than the molecules, are scattered less and do not reach our eyes. Blue colors have short wavelengths, smaller than the molecules, are scattered all over. This is the reason the shy looks blue during the daytime. The energy of the blue light is absorbed by the gas molecules and then emitted back with the same energy. This is called Rayleigh scattering.

At sunset and sunrise light has to travel a longer distance, meaning a thicker atmosphere to reach our eyes. The scattered blue light goes out of our visual fields and longer wavelength red and oranges colors and their various shades reach our eyes. 


Color of the Ocean:

The sea is blue because of Raman effect.

If one takes the blue water of the sea in a clear glass. The color of the water is clear and colorless. If one looks at the sea the color is blue as far as sunlight can penetrate. Beyond that depth the ocean is dark.

The blue color of the ocean is due to water molecules absorbing the energy of the sunlight and reflecting back the light energy at a different energy spectrum known as Raman effect, which is also known as nonelastic scattering that is distinct from Rayleigh elastic scattering.

Until the Raman effect was established, the blue color of the sea was thought to be the reflection of the sky as suggested by Rayleigh.

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